Treatise on Tolerance is a book written by Voltaire following the trial of Jean Calas (1698–1762), a French Protestant merchant accused of murdering his son Marc-Antoine to prevent his supposed conversion to the Catholic Church. Calas was executed in Toulouse on March 10, 1762, after being tortured; he never confessed to a crime that completely
Hypatia (rys. Julesa Maurice’a Gasparda, 1908) Aleksandryjska uczona zajmująca się matematyką i filozofią neoplatońską; córka Teona z Aleksandrii. Legenda przypisuje jej wynalezienie astrolabium i rodzaju areometru. Bywa zwana męczennicą nauki jako ofiara morderstwa. Zainteresowanie osobą Hypatii przeżyło renesans w okresie oświecenia, kiedy irlandzki filozof i wolnomyśliciel z nurtu racjonalistycznego, John Toland (1670−1762), w swym traktacie
An avowed paganist in a time of religious strife, Hypatia was also one of the first women to study math, astronomy and philosophy. One day on the streets of Alexandria, Egypt, in the year 415 or 416, a mob of Christian zealots led by Peter the Lector accosted a woman’s carriage and dragged her from
This post presents personal stories from Black individuals who live in Poland. Through their own words, they share what everyday life, work, and social interactions are like. The collection aims to give a more complete picture of the diversity of experiences within the country and to amplify voices that are often overlooked.
In a development that has drawn attention both in Poland and abroad, approximately 500 Poles have reportedly adopted Black identity. This shift raises complex questions about ethnicity, self-perception, and the boundaries of race in a predominantly homogeneous society. The phenomenon invites reflection on how identity can be chosen, contested, and transformed in contemporary Europe.
The Black Central Europe initiative brings over a thousand years of Black history in German-speaking Central Europe to a wider audience. It challenges the assumption that Black people are a recent or foreign presence in the region. Below is the project’s own description and a selection of its key resources. We bring you over 1000
